Washington v. Davis Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact

In Washington v. Davis (1976), the Supreme Court ruled that laws or procedures that have a disparate impact (also called an adverse effect), but are facially neutral and do not have discriminatory intent, are valid under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. A plaintiff must show that the government action has both a disparate impact and a discriminatory intent for it to be unconstitutional. Fast Facts: Washington v. Davis Case Argued: March 1, 1976Decision Issued:  June 7, 1976Petitioner: Walter E. Washington, Mayor of Washington, D.C., et alRespondent:   Davis, et alKey Questions: Did Washington, D.C.’s police recruiting procedures violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment?Majority Decision: Justices Burger, Stewart, White, Blackmun, Powell, Rehnquist, and StevensDissenting: Justices Brennan and MarshallRuling: The Court held that as the D.C. Police Departments procedures and written personnel test did not have discriminatory intent and were racially neutral measures of employment qualification, they did not constitute racial discrimination under the Equal Protection Clause. Facts of the Case Two black applicants were rejected from the District of Columbia Metropolitan Police Department after failing Test 21, an exam which measured verbal ability, vocabulary, and reading comprehension. The applicants sued, arguing that they had been discriminated against on the basis of race. A disproportionately low number of black applicants passed Test 21, and the complaint alleged that the test violated the applicant’s rights under the Fifth Amendments Due Process Clause. In response, the District of Columbia filed for summary judgment, asking the court to dismiss the claim. The District Court looked only at the validity of Test 21 to rule on summary judgment. The District Court focused on the fact that applicants could not show intentional or purposeful discrimination. The court granted the District of Columbia’s petition for summary judgment. The applicants appealed the District Court’s judgment on a constitutional claim. The U.S. Court of Appeals found in favor of the applicants. They adopted the Griggs v. Duke Power Company test, invoking Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which had not been brought up in the claim. According to the Court of Appeals, the fact that the Police Department’s usage of Test 21 did not have any discriminatory intent was irrelevant. The disparate impact was enough to show a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection Clause. The District of Columbia petitioned the Supreme Court for certiorari and the Court granted it. Constitutional Issues Is Test 21 unconstitutional? Do facially-neutral recruiting procedures violate the Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection Clause if they disproportionately impact a specific protected group? The Arguments Attorneys on behalf of the District of Columbia argued that Test 21 was facially neutral, meaning that the test was not designed to adversely impact a particular group of people. In addition, they stated that the Police Department had not discriminated against the applicants. In fact, according to the attorneys, the Police Department had made a major push to hire more black applicants, and between 1969 and 1976, 44% of recruits had been black. The test was only one part of a comprehensive recruiting program, which required a physical test, high school graduation or an equivalent certificate, and a score of 40 out of 80 on Test 21, an examination which was developed by the Civil Service Commission for federal servants. Attorneys on behalf of the applicants argued that the Police Department had discriminated against black applicants when it required them to pass an exam unrelated to job performance. The rate at which black applicants failed the test compared to white applicants demonstrated a disparate impact. According to the applicant’s attorneys, the use of the test violated the applicant’s rights under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. Majority Decision Justice Byron White delivered the 7-2 decision. The Court evaluated the case under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, rather than the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. According to the Court, the fact that an act disproportionately impacts one racial classification does not make it unconstitutional. In order to prove that an official act is unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause, the plaintiff must show that the respondent acted with discriminatory intent. According to the majority: â€Å"Nevertheless, we have not held that a law, neutral on its face and serving ends otherwise within the power of government to pursue, is invalid under the Equal Protection Clause simply because it may affect a greater proportion of one race than of another.† When addressing the legality of Test 21, the Court chose only to rule on whether it was constitutional. This meant that the Court did not rule on whether it violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Instead, it evaluated the constitutionality of the test under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Test 21 did not violate the applicant’s rights under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment because the plaintiffs could not show that the test: was not neutral; andwas created/used with discriminatory intent. Test 21, according to the majority, was designed to evaluate an applicant’s basic communication skills independent of individual characteristics. The majority opinion clarified, â€Å"As we have said, the test is neutral on its face, and rationally may be said to serve a purpose the Government is constitutionally empowered to pursue.† The court also noted that the Police Department had made strides to even out the ratio between black and white officers in the years since the case was filed. Dissenting Opinion Justice William J. Brennan dissented, joined by Justice Thurgood Marshall. Justice Brennan argued that the applicants would have succeeded in their claim that Test 21 had a discriminatory impact if they had argued on statutory, rather than constitutional, grounds. The courts should have evaluated the case under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 before looking to the Equal Protection Clause. The dissent also expressed concerns that future Title VII claims would be adjudicated based on the majority decision in Washington v. Davis. Impact Washington v. Davis evolved the concept of disparate impact discrimination in constitutional law. Under Washington v. Davis, plaintiffs would need to prove discriminatory intent if a test was shown to be facially neutral when mounting a constitutional challenge. Washington v. Davis was part of a series of legislative and court-based challenges to disparate impact discrimination, up to and including Ricci v. DeStefano (2009). Sources Washington v. Davis, 426 U.S. 229 (1976).

Personal Experience Moving to the United States Essay

I never in my life did expect one day to write an essay for the Spanish Travel Scholarship and to write it in English! Fifteen year ago I was a typical Italian architecture student who, beyond doubt, had not yet established her role in the local, national, and global community, or her purpose in life. I spent my college years making my parents proud, and fulfilling teachers’ expectations. Nevertheless architecture wasn’t my college decision. It was my dad’s dream. When I was six years of age, he lost his engineering firm because of a stroke. He reinvented himself various times, after the stroke, but he has never been able to rebuild his engineering firm from the ashes. My architecture degree was his last opportunity to reopen his beloved†¦show more content†¦I had the amazing privilege to serve as an informal ambassador for my country of birth (Italy), clearing up cultural stereotypes, and creating positive connections between two cultures. I had the j oy of meeting people from other cultures. Sharing problems, connecting with cultural differences and similarities gave me the opportunity to learn not only about other cultures but also about local and global issues. The desire to understand these issues, and to solve them (like for example immigration issues with Mexican-born people living in the United States) inspired me to apply for the study abroad program-language immersion in Cuernavaca, Mexico. I chose this program because I believe that knowing Spanish will enable me to become a better person, a better global citizen, and a better teacher. In the past, I had the privilege of working, in my community, with ESL students whose families were unfamiliar with the American school system and recently with the daughter of one of my friends from Mexico. My friend, even after 20 years in the U.S., barely speaks English and because of that she can only work as a housekeeper. 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Feminisms that focus on the intersectionality of more than one identity, not just gender, will be at the forefront of new conversations and societal change. Their practices of consciousness raising, education, sharing of experience and encompassing community well-being are fundamental in understanding how individual experiences are inextricably linked together. My op-ed essay Growing Up Rural: Insights into the Rural Trump Vote, is a combination of personal experienceRead MoreA Case Study : Theo Wilson And Lynn Johnson993 Words   |  4 Pageseras in the United States of America. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Southern segregated urban communities differed from Northern segregated urban communities in a variety of ways f rom then to present day. Additionally, amongst the differences there was a lot that changed that changed within the work force as well as the family. 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Middle East case studies Elixir Technology Free Essays

1.  Ã‚  Entering the Middle East market through Malaysia is the best alternative at this time. Malaysia has a market not dissimilar with that of the Middle East. We will write a custom essay sample on Middle East case studies: Elixir Technology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Entering Middle East via this option gives the Company an opportunity to partner with a company which has insights on working in a Muslim country. This way, Elixir is not starting with zero knowledge since this entry strategy is a duplication of what it did in Japan. 2.  Ã‚  Elixir develops and sells computer software which includes the stand-alone and the server-side versions of the Elixir Report. These two versions provide business an enterprise-class reporting solution. ER â€Å"was designed for high-performance operation, capable of handling large report generation† (O’Neil, 2004, p. 4). As such, Elixir Report is â€Å"able to accommodate multiple input data source types and provide reports in multiple output formats† (O’Neil, 2004, p. 4). Aside from these benefits, ER can support multilingual reporting and platform independence, and can support mobile devices. The core competencies of Elixir for its ER are: Speed in adopting changes in the environment and technologies into ER’s programs and applications. As a matter of Elixir claims that flexibility is built in into the Company’s spirit   (O’Neil, 2004, p. 8). Network with technology vendors. This relationship enables Elixir to rapidly fit its ER into a client’s information system which was sourced from a particular vendor or several vendors. Capacity and capability to localize the Elixir Report into specific customer requirements. This capacity and capability is a result of the unique design of ER which enables Elixir for â€Å"easy modification for accommodating local cultural needs† (O’Neil, 2004, p. 8). 3.  As the Company recognized the positive relationship between its understanding of it’s customers’ technology vendors and the efficiency of the sales process, Elixir made developing partnerships with other technology vendors the basis of its â€Å"marketing, sales and distribution strategy† ((O’Neil, 2004, p. 6). Another component of its marketing strategy is stressing that other technology companies translate their products instead of localizing them as what Elixir does (O’Neil, 2004, p. 8). Also, the Company provided for a free trial of the software which can be downloaded from the Company’s Web site (O’Neil, 2004, p. 9). By scaling the software into different versions and selling licensing agreements, Elixir is able to sell ER at a price 50 percent lower than its competitors. This scalability, however, is not a liability in terms of software performance. 4.  Ã‚  Elixir, as to its plan and strategy to expand outside Singapore, has been averagely successful. For example, in its entry into Japan, the Company’s initial marketing strategy – advertising in international magazines – generated low response from Japanese customers. However, this was remedied with the Company’s partnership with GrapeCity which enabled Elixir to bridge cultural gap and language barriers. This same strategy can be used in entering the Middle east market. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Yes, based on the facts presented, it is financially beneficial for Lau Shih Hor to take Elixir into the Middle East. I suggest that Lau pursues a distribution partnership with a Malaysian-based company. This company has a better understanding of the Middle East market than Lau which will allow the Company to better localize ER which is one of the product’s competitive advantages. References O’Neil, E. (2004). Elixir Technology – Entry into the Middle East. Ivey Management Services, pp. 1-24. How to cite Middle East case studies: Elixir Technology, Essay examples

The Challenges of Security Sector Reform

Question: Briefly highlight the value of the project? Answer: In the past decade, security has emerged as an essential component of national and international policy in conflict impacted society. SSR has its origins with peace building participations and it is designed to perform the development and security. It is critical to address the conflicts and establish the democratic accountability. Security sector reform has come a long way since it has emerged on the international security and policy development. This model is a mainstay in policy building and the main innovation of the SSR model is to focus on its governance. The effectiveness and professionalism of the security is not only measured by the security forces and its ability but also it helps to identify the forces that cannot perform their responsibilities effectively. (Gartland, 2015) The objective of SSR is to help the government of developing the countries completing their legitimate security functions through reforms that will deliver the security in an effective manner. It is designed to support the country specific conflict prevention programs and it is done by proper guidance on SSR policy between strategies. The major instruments of this strategy are military education courses, courses funded under defense. Security reform is a relative new and evolving concept that supports the countries to recognize security sector reforms such as to adopt a broad definition of the security sector, to understand the benefits of varying degrees from SSR and to build the capacity to assist reforming countries and to develop their own frameworks. (Beijing, 2002) Over the last decade, the losses to countries emerge from conflict and it has focused its attention on state security sectors. Thus, the UN, the World Bank have increasingly concerned with promoting security sector reform. The international community responds in a more integrated approach to deal with security issues and security reform is a part of an attempt to handle disorder and violence. Security sector reform aims to help states increase the security domain based on mechanisms that increases transparency and accountability. It is an essential element of the effort to increase governance. It aims and helps to understand the importance of governance issues and to deal with policy making. (Chanaa, 2002) Security sector reform also has wide range of implications for dealing with the establishments on security and development assistance. The implications only states to provide security assistance and the response of states to the 11th September terrorist attacks on the USA might delay the growth of the security sector reform agenda. Increase in its importance is being placed on development of cooperation and intelligence services. There is a risk that security sector reform will become subordinate to different anti-terrorism activities in countries with respect to the development of the cooperation. With respect to SSR, there could have participation of civil society and international community. It takes a long term view and develops a critical mass for reform and supports the development of national strategies of security. This motivates local ownership and ensures that the process of reform is consultative with respect to the support of capacity to governance reform. (Tadesse, 2007) References Beijing, S. 2002. Chapter 4: The challenges of security sector reform. Stockholm international peace research institute. Chanaa, J. 2002. Security sector reform: Issues challenges and prospects. The international security sector advisory team. Gartland, J. 2015. Comparing the EUs declaratory and operational foreign policies: The case of the EUs security sector reform mission in Guinea Bissau. Tadesse, M. 2007. Chapter 5: Overcoming challenges for security sector reform in the horn of Africa. ISS Africa.

Malcolm Baldrige

Table of Contents From Omaha to Washington, D.C. Legacy Conclusion Works Cited Malcolm Baldrige was a native of Nebraska. He did not come from a poor family but he was born and raised in Omaha. It means that he grew up far away from the major urban centers of the United States and yet he became the U.S. Secretary of Commerce. However, being a part of the Reagan cabinet was not the most important achievement of his life. His legacy also includes the Malcolm Baldrige Quality Award (â€Å"MBQA†), a prize named in his honor.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Malcolm Baldrige specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The MBQA is considered the most prestigious award-giving body when it comes to excellence in the marketplace. The fact that it was named in honor of Malcolm Baldrige is not only a testament to his character but also to his passion to see an America that is great once again and maintain its status as an ec onomic powerhouse. The following is an overview of Malcolm Baldrige life in Omaha, his stint in the U.S. Army, and then his contributions to the world of business and politics. From Omaha to Washington, D.C. Malcolm Baldrige was born in Omaha, Nebraska on October 4, 1922 (Sobel, p.16). It is important to understand his personal background to appreciate his success story. He grew up far-away from the commercial noise of New York and the intense political dealings that characterized Washington, D.C. It was in the slow-paced lifestyle of Omaha wherein Malcolm developed the leadership qualities that would serve him well in World War II and beyond. He was the son of a lawyer named Howard Malcolm Baldgridge and Regina Conell Baldrige. On March 31, 1951 he married Margaret Trowbridge Murray. She bore him two daughters named Megan Brewster and Mary Trowbridge. But before all that, Malcolm decided to finish his studies first. He prepared for college studying at Hotchkiss School in Connecticu t. Afterwards he graduated from Yale University in 1944 with a degree in B.A. in English. However, before he graduated he had to take time-off from college because he volunteered to go join the U.S. Army in 1943 and as a private he was sent to the Pacific theater of war (Sobel, p.16). When he finally gave up his army life in favor of civilian life 1946, he was honorably discharged with the rank of captain. In 1947 he entered the corporate world and started near the bottom. He joned the Eastern Malleable Iron Company in Naugatuck, Connecticut and his first job was to be the foundry foreman in the said company. But a little over four years later, he became the managing director of the Frazer and Jones division of the company. In 1957, ten years after joining Eastern Malleable Iron Company, Malcolm was the newly appointed executive vice president. Three years later he would assume the position of president. He did not get to enjoy the top leadership position for a very long time becaus e in 1962 he was recruited to work at Scovill Manufacturing Company in Waterbury, Connecticut . He became their new executive vice-president. A year later he was promoted once again and became the CEO of the said company.Advertising Looking for essay on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In 1969 he became the Chairman of the Board. He turned the company around. In the ten years time that he worked at Scovill, he was able to quadruple the company’s earnings by successfully creating an international market for this brass-manufacturing firm (Levy, p.30). Malcolm Baldrige’s reputation as an excellent leader was evident to everyone who knew him and the offers began to come in. While he was still Chairman of the Board at Scovill, Malcolm also held directorships in the following organizations: AMF, Inc.; White Plains, N.Y.; Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Company of Hartford; Bendix Corporation; IBM, Inc.; Eas tern Company; and Uniroyal Inc. (Sobel, p.16). He was also a trustee for the Swiss reinsurance Company and member of the Business Council and the Council on Foreign relations. He did not always work for profit though, in 1968 he was the chairman and director of the Red Cross fund drive and he was also the trustee of the Waterbury Hospital and even found a way to help establish the Waterbury Non-Profit Development Corporation, an organization responsible for â€Å"promoting low-income housing and developing employment and recreational facilities for blacks† (Sobel, p.16). He was not only good at running profitable companies he was also interested in politics. It can be argued that Baldrige always wanted to be business and politics at the same time. His father was not only a lawyer but also served in the Nebraska state legislature. His father also served as a Congressman from 1930 to 1932 (Levy, p.30). When Malcolm Baldrige was in his early forties he started to become active i n the Republican Party and from 1964 to 1980 he served as a delegate to the Republican convention. He began to get noticed in the Republican circle and so at one point he â€Å"headed President Richard Nixon’s Connecticut campaign in 1968 and George Bush’s unsuccessful campaign in 1980† (Levy, p.31). He may have suffered a setback with George Bush’s campaign but he was able to bounce back when he raised funds for the Ronald Reagan campaign (Levy, p.31). After Reagan took the White House the new president remembered the people who helped him get elected as president. One month after Reagan assumed the presidency in 1981, he chose Baldrige to become the 26th secretary of Commerce of the United States of America and he also easily won the confirmation for the said cabinet post (Levy, p.31). When he was the secretary of commerce he â€Å"advocated free trade and deregulation† and he also understood the need for America to maintain superiority when it c omes to excellence in producing products and services (Levy, p.31). He sat on the Council on Commerce and Trade, Council on Economic Affairs as well as the Council on Natural Resources (Sobel, p.17). He succeeded in convincing Japan to accept â€Å"voluntary restraints on its exports† because he saw that the aggressive Japanese businesses were hurting the U.S. economy (Sobel, p.17). Later on his passion to improve the the level of competence of business leaders and their organizations was the main reason why his name is well-remembered even to this day.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Malcolm Baldrige specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Aside from his business and political dealings, Baldrige was also interested in a host of different things and one of which is the rodeo. In his private life, away from the spotlight, Baldrige was a professional steer roper. On July 25, 1987 while practicing for a rodeo compe tition, in Walnut Creek, California, he fell from a horse and died a tragic death (Sobel, p.17). But this was not the end of his story. Legacy In the mid-1980s it was apparent to many U.S. leaders that American companies were no longer at par with their foreign counterparts in the international market. One of them was Malcolm Baldrige and when he was the Secretary of Commerce he was the â€Å"advocate of quality management as a key to U.S. prosperity and sustainability† (Spechler, p.1). Less than a month after his death â€Å"the U.S. Congress passed Public Law 100-107, the National Quality Improvement Act, which established the Malcolm Baldgridge Quality Award (MBQA) for quality achievements in American manufacturing and services† (Milakovich, p.112). The main purpose of this law is to encourage American businesses, educational institutions and health care organizations to aim for excellence in the creation of goods and in the provision of services. Behind this need f or an award is the growing alarm that foreign competition was slowly overtaking the United States. The quality of foreign imports is slowly eclipsing American products. The award was an incentive to push US companies to increase their capability to become a global leader in their chosen industry by improving their manufacturing systems and quality control (Sallis, p.54). It easily became a much-coveted prize in the business world. The former President Ronald Reagan was the first to hand out the award in 1988 (Milakovich, p. 112). In the first decade here the following were a few of the winners: Motorola, 1988 (Large manufacturing); Cadillac, 1990 (Large manufacturing); Texas Instruments, 1992 (Large manufacturing); ATT, 1994 (Service); Wainwright Industries, Inc., 1994 (Small business). These are trusted brands. The products and services that these companies offer are well-known and well-respected in their respective industries. The MBQA is a measuring rod that organizations and bus iness leaders can use to gauge their performance. The MBQA is govern by strict standards. There was a year, for instance,when the no one from the manufacturing sector won the award. This was explained by one commentator who wrote, â€Å"The Malcolm Baldrige Award is the highest honor any business can receive, and after 18 years has remained very difficult to win. As the criteria have changed over the years, the Baldrige has become an award for overall effectiveness of an organization, as opposed to an organization that simply has high quality products/services† (Brown, p. 2).Advertising Looking for essay on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He also added that aside from a high-quality product and excellent service the MBQA examiners take a closer look at the quality of the business leaders, strategic planning; customer and market focus; human resources focus; process management; and results. It is difficult to win this award. An organization must be able to take a long hard look at their current system and them improve in accordance to the standards of the MBQA. This is a good thing because they will be able to gauge where they are at and can further develop their capabilities. If not for the MBQA then the quality of products and services in the United States will continue to decline because there is no incentive that can encourage businessmen to go on to the next level. Conclusion Malcolm Baldrige demonstrated his passion for excellent service. It all started when he was a student, soldier and employee. His character and leadership skills became evident early on and so he was promoted several times until he became the CEO and then Chairman of the Board for a large corporation. He could have easily rested on his laurels. However, he went on to test the political waters. He was successful as a member of the Republican Party until finally he became the 26th U.S. Secretary of Commerce. It was a tremendous achievement for him but it was not after his tragic death in 1987 that his name was immortalized in the business world. The Malcolm Baldrige Quality Award is a symbol of excellence and it was just fitting that it was named after a man of noble character and great work ethic. Works Cited Brown, Mark. Baldrige Award Winning Quality: How to Interpret the baldrige  Critieria for Performance Excellence. 5th ed. New York: Productivity Press, 2006. Levy, Peter. Encyclopedia of the Reagan-Bush Years. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996. Milakovich, Michael. Improving Service Quality: Achieving High Performance  in the Public and Private Sectors. Florida: CRC Press, 1995. Sallis, Edward. Total Quality M anagement in Education. 3rd ed.Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing Inc., 2002. Sobel, Robert. Biographical Directory of the United States Executive Branch,  1774-1989. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1990. Spechler, Jay. Managing Quality in America’s Most Admired Companies. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc., 1993. This essay on Malcolm Baldrige was written and submitted by user MistyKnight to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Terrorism1 essays

Terrorism1 essays Imagine this scenario: You and another fifteen thousand hockey fans decide to spend the night watching the Washington Capitals take on the Philadelphia Flyers. You get your tickets, your food, and your program and you sit down in your seat. You can barely wait for the game to start, let alone end, because you have so much money riding on this game. The 7:00 face-off begins exactly at 7:00, and thousands of eager hockey fans sit back to watch the game. Shortly after the face-off, terrorists trigger an explosive charge that showers poisonous chemicals over you and the rest of the crowd. The new stadium has become a hellhole of death and confusion. People all around you reel in all directions as others push their way to clogged exits. Fans are falling to the ground choking and coughing. Their skin blisters instantly. Other attempting to help become victims themselves after breathing the poisoned air. The city's 911 emergency lines flood with calls for help and medical assistan ce. Police and fire fighters arrive within minutes and set up a staging area upwind, but keep their distance. No one knows yet what sort of lethal chemical the terrorists have exploded upon you. Authorities block off the neighborhood, seeking to contain the contamination from the rest of the city. Because of the new rules of procedure, emergency professionals normally trained to risk danger have to wait until you and other victims find your way out of the stadium, where they can be decontaminated. This horrifying scenario is what many people have had to live through, and many more will probably live through in the future. Terrorism is a problem of the past, but it seems it will be a problem of the future, too. Terrorism is once again a hot topic, but this time it's not only about the devastation it causes. It seems terrorists have added a new twist to their killing sprees: chemical ad biological weapons. Terrorism is now, yet always was, a serious...

Fast Food Meals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fast Food Meals - Essay Example The combination of different sausages is used to make a meal tastier than that of ordinary food cooked at home. It is not only the quick service but also the lusciousness of meal which attracts people towards fast food restaurants. Fast-food is not only delicious to eat but also it is cheaper to buy as compared to the food which is cooked at home. It is a noticeable fact that most of the fast-food lovers are children and teenagers. And they have made fast-food a basic and the most important entity of daily life.While talking about benefits of fast food restaurants, we should not forget that eating too much fast food doesn’t have a good effect on health as it causes many health problems including hypercholesterolemia, insulin resistance, and corpulence. It should also be kept in mind that eating too many fast-food increases the level of fats in the body while reduces the number of required vitamins for the body. Fast-foods have a high level of energy density which is harmful to health as it confuses the brain control mechanism for appetite. Fast-food restaurants add too much salt in products in order to make them tastier but it results in high blood pressure and certain heart diseases. Vitamins are also lacked in fast-food as it doesn’t contain fruits or vegetables which are the primary source of vitamins for humans. Another effect is that due to the good taste of fast-food products, it is eaten much more than that of any normal food cooked at home which results in obesity.